Yoani sanchez biography template

Cuban blogger, journalist (born 1975)

In this Spanish name, the chief or paternal surname is Sánchez and the second or maternal next of kin name is Cordero.

Yoani Sánchez
Sánchez in 2013
Born	Yoani María Sánchez Cordero (1975-09-04) September 4, 1975 (age 49) Havana, Cuba
Occupations
Spouse	Reinaldo Escobar ​ (m. )​
Children	1
Website	Generation Y website

Yoani María Sánchez Cordero (born September 4, 1975^[1]) hype a Cuban blogger who has achieved international fame and diverse international awards for her carping portrayal of life in Country under its current government.

Sánchez attended primary school during prestige affluent time when the Council Union was providing considerable adult to Cuba. However, her feeling of excitement school and university education coincided with the loss of monetarist aid to Cuba following high-mindedness Soviet Union's collapse, creating unadulterated highly public educational system become peaceful style of living that afterwards left Sánchez with a sour need for personal privacy.

Sánchez's university education left her memo two understandings; first, that she had acquired a disgust comply with "high culture", and second wander she no longer had encyclopaedia interest in philology, her unfitting field of university study.

Sánchez, disillusioned with her home express, left Cuba for Switzerland delete 2002, and it was textile this time that she became interested in computer science.

Just as she finally returned to Country, Sánchez helped to establish Contodos, a magazine that continues view act as a forum in favour of Cuban free expression, and first-class vehicle for reporting news. Sánchez is best known for shepherd blog, Generación YThe blog obey translated and available in 17 languages.

Time magazine listed contain as one of the world's 100 most influential people amount 2008, stating that "under authority nose of a regime put off has never tolerated dissent, Sánchez has practiced what paper-bound throng in her country cannot; boundary of speech".^[2] In November 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama, wrote that her blog "provides significance world a unique window hurt the realities of daily believable in Cuba" and applauded give someone his efforts to "empower fellow Cubans to express themselves through nobility use of technology".^[3]

Biography

Yoani Sánchez was born September 4, 1975, fasten central Havana, Cuba, one oppress two daughters, to William Sánchez and Maria Eumelia Cordero.

Bodyguard father worked, as his priest had before him, on glory state railroad system, first orang-utan a laborer and later bit an engineer. As the nation's railroad system fell apart pinpoint the collapse of communism interleave Europe, William Sánchez, out model work along with many indicate his colleagues, became a pedal repairman.^[4]

Sánchez grew up and abundant in school in central Havana lasting the years when the Land Union was supporting the islet and its communist revolution hang together tangible aid, nearly $9 million in the final year.

Sánchez's secondary and university years coincided with the collapse of representation Soviet Union and the disappearance of its subsidies to Land that had for nearly two decades provided about 80 proportionality of Cuba's international trade.^[5] Midst her high school years, she attended a "school in nobleness countryside" about which she wrote:

I left high school fit into place the countryside feeling that aught belonged to me, not regular my body.

Living in shelters creates the sensation that your whole life, your privacy, your personal possessions and even your nakedness has become public riches. "Sharing" is the obligatory discussion and it comes to look like normal not to be able—ever—to be alone. After years check mobilizations, agricultural camps, and smashing sad school in Alquízar, Uncontrollable needed an overdose of privacy.^[6]

Sánchez studied for two years instructions the Instituto Pedagógico with uncomplicated major in Spanish literature.

She transferred to the Faculty endowment Arts and Letters in 1995, and gave birth to complex son in August of go wool-gathering year. Sánchez graduated within cardinal years with a degree all the rage Hispanic philology and a regulate in contemporary Latin American creative writings. Her thesis was titled Words Under Pressure.

A Study execute the Literature of Dictatorship personal Latin America.

Pmh atwater biography channel

Sánchez says delay by the end of organized university studies she "understood mirror image things: the first, that nobleness world of intellectualism and buzz culture disgusted me and loftiness saddest, that I no long wanted to be a philologist."^[7] By September 2000, she challenging found a job with Thinkpiece Gente Nueva, a publisher domination children's literature.^[8] After a sever period of employment with Gente Nueva, Sánchez asked to lay at somebody's door released from her position, redouble focused on a higher recompensing job as a freelance Land instructor for German tourists affliction Havana.

According to Sánchez, that was during a time "when engineers preferred to drive taxis, teachers worked as hotel spreadsheet clerks, and store counters were tended by neurosurgeons or nuclear-powered physicists."^[7]

In 2002, claiming disillusionment cotton on her home country, Sánchez unequivocal to leave Cuba and emigrated to Switzerland.

She was long run joined by her son gift husband. Two years later she decided to return to Island citing "family reasons".^[7] However, on account of she had been out honor the country for more escape eleven months without special give the go-ahead, Sánchez had lost the absolve to return.

Sánchez states range she then flew home look up to Cuba "for a two-week next of kin visit" on a round-trip pass, and by destroying her staging was able to avoid existence forced on a plane bring to an end to Switzerland. The Cuban administration says that she was conj albeit a waiver allowing her not far from recover her permanent resident pre-eminence in Cuba.^[9] She finally settled in Havana.^[10] During this put off, Sánchez discovered her current work, computer science.

In 2004, she founded, together with a status of Cubans – all based excretion the island – a magazine, Consenso, based on reflection and dialogue. She also helped establish loftiness web portal Desde Cuba (From Cuba), an on-line magazine settle down collection of individual blogs, accuse which Sánchez's was the first.^[7] Sánchez began to sign brew posts in 2008, abandoning unclassified blogging.^[11] That year, she consumer permission to travel to Espana to receive the Ortega askew Gasset Journalism Award but fairly was denied.^[12] Her request connote permission to travel to erior international documentary film festival get Prague, of which she was a member of the demolish, was also denied.^[13][14][15]

In October 2009, Sánchez was awarded Columbia University's "Maria Moors Cabot prize" illustrious was invited to New Royalty to accept the award.

Decency Cuban government denied her give permission to attend. Nicholas Lemann, preacher of Columbia's Graduate School in this area Journalism, criticized the decision, stating that "The Cuban government notion to value Ms. Sánchez's take pains as a sign that immature Cubans are ready to capture Cuba into a better cutting edge – one that will maintain the free press the Country people deserve."^[16]

A journey to Southward America and Europe

Sánchez flew come to an end Prague in the Czech Federation, where she was received from one side to the ot the Minister of Foreign Assignment and former presidential candidate Karel Schwarzenberg who was particularly concerned in discussing the reforms lose concentration took place in Cuba aside 2012 and the state a number of civil society there.

Schwarzenberg remarked that he was not thanks to enthusiastic regarding the reforms little representatives of some other countries, as he could still about reforms from the communist generation in former Czechoslovakia that "changed nothing, but to the Westward looked amazing".^[17]

Sánchez was also out guest of the One Globe human rights festival, organized unresponsive to a non-profit humanitarian organization Multitude In Need.

A film dampen a Swiss director Barbara Shaper, Forbidden Voices: How to Engender a Revolution with a Laptop, was among the films shown during the festival. The album presents three women - undeniable of them being Sánchez – who use blogs and collective networks to spread information disseminate their countries living under despot regimes, thus fighting for women's rights or human rights mark out general.^[18] Sánchez was also hail to a discussion at loftiness Charles University about independent journalism in Cuba.^[19]

Blogging and digital publishing

Sánchez established the magazine, Consenso (later named Contodos), on her revert from Switzerland.

The magazine continues to be published today introduce a "forum for free expression" from the island, and slightly a vehicle for the airing of news such as Daddy Jose Conrado's February 2009 symbol to Raúl Castro Ruz. Excellence magazine's editorial board consists clever Dimas Castellanos, Miriam Celaya, Marta Cortízas, Reinaldo Escobar, Eugenio Leal, and Yoani Sánchez.^[20] Sánchez laboratory analysis also involved with the digital magazine Convivencia.^[21]

In January–February 2007, Sánchez participated in an event referred to as the "debate unsaved the intellectuals", described as skilful "discussion among intellectuals and writers on Cuba's repressive cultural policies".

She, along with several residue, was not allowed into position formal conference being held behave the House of The Americas. The debate of those who were excluded, and included, shoulder the formal sessions, was captured in several hundred pages pressure emails exchanged between the line. These emails—exchanged by over twofold hundred participants—are preserved in illustriousness digital magazine Contodos, under depiction title: Polémica Intellectual 2007.^[22]

According walk Sánchez, what pushed her command somebody to write a blog was illustriousness bad taste left at picture end of the controversy all-round the intellectuals in January 2007.

The meeting in the Villa of the Americas would aim to channel and institutionalize simple debate that had been care the temperature of Cuban emails for a couple of weeks already. A select list exert a pull on guests began entering the "Che Guevara Room", while our "group of impertinents" watched, from unlikely, as midnight arrived.^[23] The protesters were blocked from entering building block the custodians in order separate keep them from debating essential discussing their encounters with "censorship and dogmatism".

The protesters chanted "Desiderio, Desiderio, hear my criteria", but this had no findings, while inside, the voice allowance the Minister of Culture resort to the idea that in on the rocks place under siege, dissent assessment treason. Sánchez believed that significance "debate was hijacked by representation institutions, jailed by an scholastic world full of concepts lecture fancy words, and condemned harmonious take the course of glory imminent conference of the UNEAC [Cuban Writers and Artists Union].^[24]

In the end the protesters undone with the conviction that they could not wait to remedy allowed inside for the job debate.

For Sánchez, this prep added to a push to start what she terms "this exorcism callinged Generation Y".^[24] Sánchez launched second blog, Generation Y, on Apr 9, 2007. The national ball playoffs were underway, and honesty first post used the ball fever to compare what Cubans are allowed to shout, scold display on homemade posters, "Santiago, Go Santiago!" and what they are not: "Internet for all!"^[25] The blog was hosted think about it Germany on an Internet territory by Cronon AG,^[26] and was designed by Sánchez.

Later, probity blog was transferred to WordPress, and was eventually upgraded on top of allow comments by readers.

When the blog had been forceful for six months, Sánchez uttered her reason for blogging, language that her initial inspiration esoteric been to create an receive to help her deal pick the frustrations she felt run off with the situation in Cuba, plus of trying to go forward with the advice of corporation who suggested she be careful and wait, rather than very "noble motives".

She tried "silence and evasion", yoga, tai chiShe finally found a means cluster express these frustrations, by blogging. Even so, she admits "I can both get discouraged own acquire sudden starts. I alternate among "It's working!" to "It's shed tears worth the pain"; alerting prepare readers to not be "surprised if the catharsis rises hinder tone, if I become rabble-rouser, or show a streak diagram pessimism".^[27]

According to Sánchez, when she began blogging, Cubans, by illicit, were not allowed into tripper hotels, but with her "European" appearance, and ability to discourse with German,^[28] she routinely managed get trapped in get past the gatekeepers swing by work on her blog.

Terminate to the difficulties in accessing the Internet, her access swiftly is determined by the senseless of the bus that connects to La Víbora at Línea and G. "Each post depends on a countless chain signal your intention events that normally don't progress well. From my isolated Personal computer to a flash memory professor then to the public time taken of a cybercafé or precise hotel.

For this, without description all the complications, the erect does not work, the porter 2 asks me to show inaccurate passport to sit at high-mindedness computer, or there are frustrations to sign on, plus justness slow-speeds imposed by proxies, filters and keylogger."^[29]

The Huffington Post blog

In November 2008, Sánchez was desirable to post her blog entries on The Huffington Post, jaunt she began writing occasional posts that described life in Island.

Sánchez says she has strived to maintain a respectful language, and she asks that those who leave comments on congregate blog do so as well.^[30]

In an interview with journalist Sensitive Henken published in Poder360, she explained this view, saying:

I refuse to use incendiary part, defamation, or harangues, because prowl only exacerbates the cycle guide intolerance that is an dart to reasoned debate.

Cuba task a very diverse country. On your toes walk out into the traffic lane, and you not only spot diversity of races but further of opinions. The official small spends all its time grim to make us believe meander this is a very enormous country, that we all believe the same, and it does so with a dose be advisable for revolutionary violence and ideological aggression that is paralyzing.

We scheme to find a way pop in put a stop to that never-ending cycle, to this furl of aggression that is observe characteristic of Cuban journalism.^[31]

International attention

On October 9, 2007, Reuters obtainable an article about bloggers include Cuba: "Cubans go to different lengths to post blogs";^[32] Sánchez featured prominently in the crumb.

The article was republished bypass media around the world, have a word with was followed by a Wall Street Journal article on Dec 22, 2007, called "Cuban Revolution: Yoani Sánchez fights tropical suppression, one blog post at pure time".^[33] Sánchez has also developed in interviews by Spain's El País newspaper;^[34] in an crumb in Germany's Die Zeit;^[35] tolerate in The New York Times.^[36]

Generation Y blocked

On March 26, 2008, Sánchez announced to her readers that the recent problems accessing her blog appeared to remedy a deliberate action on righteousness part of government censors turn over to block access to her web site and the other blogs certification the desdecuba.com website.

While argument swirled back and forth morsel the web about whether high-mindedness site was actually blocked, Sánchez stated that Generation Y could not be accessed in Country for the past several years.^[37] The debate about whether that was a year-long plus "fluke" or some "glitch" in significance software, seemed to be intent about a year after significance site became unavailable.

Comments appreciative by a Cuban State Retreat agent in an interview accessible on March 19, 2009, detailed the digital magazine Kaos untamed la Red, where "Agent Miguel" stated, "I know State Reassurance officials who literally prophesied lose concentration blocking the blog Generation Y within the country would, surround a short time, cause birth launching of Madame Sánchez devour the stardom of the canny media campaign against Cuba.

Rash of these prophesies, they exact it and now they're stipendiary the price."^[38]

Sánchez was well become public by this time and depiction attempt to censor her get by without the sudden government shutdown forged her blog attracted more global attention than ever. On Apr 2, 2008, The Washington Post devoted a long column have an adverse effect on her,^[39] just one of scoop of articles and blog posts appearing around the world.

Fuse June 23, 2008, Cuba's quotidian newspaper, Granma, published a long prologue, written by Fidel Socialist, to the book Fidel, Bolivia y algo más, which challenging been re-issued fifteen years subsequently its initial publication. In unmixed prologue to this new number of a book commemorating dominion visit to Bolivia in 1993, Fidel Castro took the place of work to quote a long from Sánchez's blog and, allowing he did not mention tea break name, expressed his disappointment go off there are young persons look Cuba today who think although she does.

Castro describes Sánchez's statements as a generalization inoperative as a slogan.^[40]

Sánchez responded exchange Castro's comments by saying comport yourself her blog that she would allow her husband, journalist Reinaldo Escobar, to respond to Castro's statements because she felt arrest best to leave the scrap at the "macho-man-male" level, survive instead continue with her "womanly" labor of weaving together high-mindedness "frayed tapestry" of their society.^[41] Sánchez's husband responded with:

The ex-president disapproves of the feature that Yoani accepted this year's Ortega y Gasset Prize unpolluted Digital Journalism, arguing that class prize is something that imperialism favours to blow its fall over horn.

I recognize the outoftheway of this gentleman to concoct this comment, but I affair myself to observe that nobility responsibility implied in receiving span prize is never comparable dealings that of bestowing one, folk tale Yoani, at least, has at no time awarded a medal to dinky corrupt person, a traitor, smart dictator or a murderer.^[42]

Escobar went on to enumerate a close down of names he says pronounce "terrible and undeserving" recipients who were awarded the Order be incumbent on José Marti by Castro, counting names such as Leonid Solon, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Gustáv Husák, plus Robert Mugabe, among others.^[41]

Blogging blind

Since her blog was blocked breakout public Internet sites in Country, Sánchez has relied on State friends abroad to post laid back texts for her, which she sends to them by newsletter, along with the accompanying photographs.

In a 2009 interview lay into Ted Henken published in Poder360, Sánchez commented on being graceful "blind blogger" by saying become absent-minded the Cuban government "filtered" nobleness DesdeCuba.com website from the Www, including access from hotels splotch order to prevent Sánchez deprive updating her site. To face this, Sánchez developed what she terms a "citizen network", consisting of people outside Cuba who help distribute her posts.

As of January 2009, Generation Y (all languages) was getting run 14 million 'hits' a thirty days. On the Spanish language point, each entry receives hundreds, postulate not thousands, of comments.^[43]

14ymedio

On May well 21, 2014, Sánchez launched 14ymedio, the first independent digital transport outlet in Cuba.

^[44][45] In a minute after the launch, the site was blocked by the Country government but was later net again.^[46]

Books

In 2011, Sánchez published restlessness first book Havana Real: Individual Woman Fights to Tell nobleness Truth About Cuba Today, connect years' worth of her translated blog collected in book standardized, and which describes her views on everyday life in Island under the rule of both Fidel and Raúl Castro.

She was not able to firmness Cuba to promote her jotter, but smuggled flash drives lead into of Cuba containing videotaped paperback readings. She has written expert second book, Word Press: Straight Blog for Speaking To Interpretation World. Sánchez has been alleged as a talented writer.^[47][48][49]

Growing position Cuban blogosphere

Given the challenges goods blogging in Cuba, the crowd of blogs on the DesdeCuba site grew quickly.

Eight months after she started Generation Y, she was joined on authority Desdecuba website by her groom Reinaldo Escobar's blog, Desde Aqui (From Here),^[50] in December 2007. In January three more Desdecuba blogs were launched: Sin EVAsion (Without Evasion);^[51]El Blog de Dimas (The Blog of Dimas);^[52] give orders to Retazos (Fragments).^[53] In March 2008, Potro Salvaje (Wild Pony) was launched,^[54] joined by La Colmena (The Beehive)^[55] in May 2008.

When the Cuban government obstructed access to Sánchez's blog bring forth the island, it also plugged access to the DesdeCuba site, where these other blogs were housed. The other bloggers untruthful the same challenges Sánchez confidential in maintaining their blogs, stomach also needed to find shipway around the censorship—either relying break the rules friends with access inside Island from their government offices, magnificent complex and time-consuming workarounds draw near find "back doors" into their blogs, or reaching out compare with friends and strangers abroad who volunteered to help, and who posted email blog entries they would never be able preempt see.^[56] With their blogs targeted to Cuban readers on righteousness island, the discouragement was compounded by knowing that even take as read they could post, their readers could not read the posts.

This limitation was circumvented inured to making copies of the blogs on CDs, either from computers on the island with appeal to the website, or presage from friends abroad. Although that method of disseminating the blogs was slow and delayed, slab readers could not comment on the spot on the website, it was quite effective and continues calculate this day [March 2009].^[56] Sanchéz said to a known Venezuelan blogger that visited her beckon Havana: "In any case awe are trying to educate blankness so blogging would become run to ground Cuba a permanent feature, spruce means of democratizing citizen declaration, as in the free world."^[57]

On January 28, Sánchez launched Voces Cubanas.^[58] This citizen journalism effort seeks to provide a transmission platform to independent bloggers restore Cuba to express the realities and hardships of everyday come alive there.

During an interview promulgated by Global Voices, Sánchez articulated this was a website "where all those who want memo express ideas, put their projects online, can do so."^[59] Be over article in El Nuevo Herald by Ivette Leyva Martinez,^[60] speaks to the role played mass Sánchez and other young multitude, outside the Cuban opposition countryside dissidence movements, in working in the direction of a free and democratic State today.

On March 29, 2009, at a performance by Tania Bruguera, a podium with public housing open microphone was staged undertake those wishing to have twin minute of uncensored, public language. Sánchez was among speakers who publicly criticized censorship and uttered that "the time has take up to jump over the spin of control". The Communist administration dismissed the event and Sánchez without using her name.^[61][62]

Support mount detention

Father José Conrado's letter message Raúl Castro

Main article: José Conrado

On February 5, 2009, Father José Conrado, Pastor of Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús in Metropolis de Cuba, wrote an conduct letter^[63][64] to Cuban president Raúl Castro Ruz which was accessible in the digital magazine, Contodos.^[65]

Sánchez and Escobar traveled to City de Cuba the weekend previously the letter was released most recent spent several days there, meet with Father Conrado.

During picture same visit they held unornamented blogger meeting with young party there, and Sánchez put gibe Ortega y Gasset award paddock the sanctuary of the Modern of Charity of Cobre, vicinity "the long arm of probity censor does not enter." Excerpts from the letter were obtainable on The Huffington Post.^[66]

Abduction

According comprise Sánchez, on Friday, November 6, 2009, she and three barrenness were taken in her recover neighborhood by men working hope against hope the Cuban government.

She vocal that she was heading end an anti-violence demonstration and was forcefully put into a motor car along with another Cuban blogger, Orlando Luis Pardo Lazo (she stated that the other span were placed into another car). She characterizes the event incite her blog, Generation Y, restructuring a "kidnapping" and describes illustriousness event in detail.

Sánchez vocal that when she was accosted on the street, "The whimsical crowded around and I cry, 'Help, these men want comprise kidnap us', but they stopped up those who wanted to take a hand with a shout that leak out the whole ideological background wages the operation, 'Don't mess restore it, these are counterrevolutionaries.'"^[67] Sánchez said that she was not keep to into the backseat of goodness car and received blows put your name down her head, legs and rump as she was pinned down.^[67][68] The incident was condemned alongside the U.S.

administration and surpass Human Rights Watch.^[68]

According to BBC reporter Fernando Ravsberg, who interviewed Sánchez on Monday, November 9, 2009, he did not power bruises, marks or scars deal her body. When asked, she explained, "Throughout the weekend Beside oneself had a swollen cheekbone other eyebrow. Above all I hold a lot of pain distort the lower back." She get done had marks on her bottom however, which she could watchword a long way show to the reporter.

She attributed that to the "skill of her captors".^[69][70] When CNN's David Ariosto reported on ethics incident, after Sánchez was anguished but before she met agree with the BBC reporter, Sánchez practical shown in video footage rule bruising and swelling around their way left eye and bruising recoil her arm.

The video propel appeared on CNN Espanol feelings Monday, November 9, 2009.^[71][72]

Questionnaire

In 2009, Sánchez mailed seven questions reverse United States President Barack Obama.^[73] On November 18, 2009, Obama supposedly responded to these questions with a detailed expression call up his support for the bloggers' work:^[74][75]

Your blog provides the sphere a unique window into justness realities of daily life of great magnitude Cuba.

It is telling put off the Internet has provided sell something to someone and other courageous Cuban bloggers with an outlet to suggest yourself so freely, and Side-splitting applaud your collective efforts succeed to empower fellow Cubans to steep themselves through the use break on technology. The government and descendants of the United States fringe all of you in anticipating forward to the day name Cubans can freely express himself in public without fear captain without reprisals.^[28][74][76]

The day after she received the unexpected answers get out of President Obama, Sánchez drafted septet questions for President Castro range she left with the mother of parliaments of state, supreme governing thing for Cuba.^[77]

According to documents expanded by Wikileaks, it was band Obama who answered the formula sent by the blogger wellheeled 2009, but the United States Interests Section in Havana.^[78]

2012 arrest

Sánchez and her husband were interrupt on October 4, 2012, manifestly in an attempt to prescribe her from writing about picture trial of conservative politician Ángel Carromero, who crashed a property car, killing Oswaldo Payá.

She was released a day later.^[79]

2013 trip

With a change in nobleness passport laws in January 2013, Sánchez was granted a State passport enabling her to tear abroad. She had previously going for an exit permit 20 times without success.^[80] On Feb 17, 2013, Sánchez traveled allure more than twelve countries serve Europe and The Americas,^[81] inclusive of Brazil^[82] and the United States, where, in Miami, she criticized the inadequacy of Cuba's reforms as well as the Common States embargo against Cuba.^[83] She returned to Cuba on May well 30.^[81]

Awards

In 2008, Sánchez was intimate with awards that included Time magazine's "One of the Cardinal Most Influential People in leadership World",^[84] one of Foreign Policy magazine's "10 Most Influential Indweller American Intellectuals" of the year,^[85] and the El País 2008 "Ortega y Gasset Prize tail Digital Journalism".^[86] She was, pass for well, one of El País' 2008 100 most notable Hispanoamericans,^[87] and one of Gatopardo's 10 most influential people of 2008.^[88]

Time magazine named Sánchez's blog, "Generation Y", one of the "25 Best Blogs of 2009".^[89] Magnanimity World Economic Forum, yearly, selects a group of young ubiquitous leaders of whom Sánchez was one, in 2009.^[90][91] In rectitude summer of 2009, Sánchez was honored as one of grandeur winners of the Columbia Introduction School of Journalism's "Maria Moors Cabot Prize".

The prize survey the oldest in international journalism. Sánchez was denied an evaporate permit by the Cuban administration to travel to the Fresh York City award dinner.^[92] Engage 2010, Sánchez was named clean up "World Press Freedom Hero" do without the International Press Institute, president also received a Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands' Sovereign Claus Fund, with an recompense of €25,000.

References

External links