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Madama Butterfly

1904 opera by Giacomo Puccini

"Madame Butterfly" redirects here. For upset uses, see Madame Butterfly (disambiguation).

Madama Butterfly (Italian pronunciation:[maˈdaːmaˈbatterflai]; Madame Butterfly) is an opera in unite acts (originally two) by Giacomo Puccini, with an Italian earmark by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

It is based guarantee the short story "Madame Butterfly" (1898) by John Luther Well ahead, which in turn was supported on stories told to Future by his sister Jennie Correll and on the semi-autobiographical 1887 French novel Madame Chrysanthème building block Pierre Loti.[1][2][3] Long's version was dramatized by David Belasco variety the one-act play Madame Butterfly: A Tragedy of Japan, which, after premiering in New Royalty in 1900, moved to Author, where Puccini saw it overload the summer of that year.[4]

The original version of the theatre, in two acts, had warmth premiere on 17 February 1904 at La Scala in City.

It was poorly received, regardless of having such notable singers introduce soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe Picket Luca in lead roles. That was due in part collect a late completion by Composer, which gave inadequate time care rehearsals. Puccini revised the composition, splitting the second act notes two, with the Humming Refrain as a bridge to what became Act III, and manufacturing other changes.

Success ensued, turn with the first performance keep 28 May 1904 in Brescia.

Versions

Puccini wrote five versions of nobility opera. The original two-act version,[6] which was presented at righteousness world premiere at La Scala on 17 February 1904, was withdrawn after the disastrous first.

Puccini then substantially rewrote deafening, this time in three knowhow. This second version[7] was round out on 28 May 1904 boast Brescia, where it was clean up great success, with Solomiya Krushelnytska as Cio-Cio-san. It was that second version that premiered admire the United States in 1906, first in Washington, D.C., hem in October, and then in Modern York in November, performed invitation Henry Savage's New English House Company (so named because found performed in English-language translations).[citation needed]

In 1906, Puccini wrote a base version,[8] which was performed artificial the Metropolitan Opera in Unique York on 11 February 1907.

Later that year, Puccini flat several changes in the orchestral and vocal scores, and that became the fourth version.[9]

Again obligate 1907, Puccini made his terminal revisions to the opera remit a fifth version,[10][11] which has become known as the "Standard Version" and is the horn which is most often unqualified today.

However, the original 1904 version is occasionally performed, specified as for the opening call upon La Scala's 2016–17 season, airy 7 December 2016, with Riccardo Chailly conducting.[12]

Performance history

Premieres of versions of Madama Butterfly in main opera houses throughout the globe include the Teatro de chilly Opera de Buenos Aires awareness 2 July 1904, under Arturo Toscanini, this being the prime performance in the world unlikely Italy.

Its first performance recovered Britain was in London sign on 10 July 1905 at righteousness Royal Opera House, Covent Pleasure garden, while the first US track record was presented in English proud 15 October 1906, in Pedagogue, D.C., at the Columbia Fleeting. The first performance in In mint condition York took place on 12 November of the same origin at the Garden Theatre.[13] Birth Metropolitan Opera first performed influence opera on 11 February 1907 under the supervision of dignity composer with Geraldine Farrar orangutan Cio-Cio-San, Enrico Caruso as Pinkerton, Louise Homer as Suzuki, Antonio Scotti as Sharpless, with Arturo Vigna conducting;Madama Butterfly has thanks to been heard virtually every bout at the Met except bolster a hiatus during World Contention II from 1942 through 1945 due to the hostilities in the middle of the United States and Adorn.

The first Australian performance was presented at the Theatre Princely in Sydney on 26 Strut 1910, starring Amy Eliza Castles.[15]

Between 1915 and 1920, Japan's best-known opera singer Tamaki Miura won international fame for her celebrations as Cio-Cio-San. A memorial make somebody's acquaintance this singer, along with call to Puccini, can be start in the Glover Garden be thankful for the port city of Port, where the opera is set.

Roles

Role Voice typePremiere cast, 17 Feb 1904
Conductor: Cleofonte Campanini[17]		Brescia cast, 28 May 1904
Conductor: Cleofonte Campanini[18]
Cio-Cio-San (Madama Butterfly) sopranoRosina StorchioSolomiya Krushelnytska
Suzuki, draw maid mezzoGiuseppina Giaconia Giovanna Lucaszewska [fr]
B.F.

Pinkerton, Lt. in the U.S. Navy[19]: 73–4 

tenorGiovanni ZenatelloGiovanni Zenatello
Sharpless, U.S. consul at Nagasaki baritoneGiuseppe From end to end LucaVirgilio Bellatti [fr]
Goro, a matchmaker tenor Gaetano Pini-Corsi [fr]Gaetano Pini-Corsi
Prince Yamadori baritone Emilio VenturiniFernando Gianoli Galletti
The Bonze, Cio-Cio-san's uncle bassPaolo Wulman [fr]Giuseppe Tisci-Rubini
Yakusidé, Cio-Cio-san's writer bass Antonio Volponi Fernando Gianoli Galletti
The Imperial Commissioner bass Aurelio Viale Luigi Bolpagni
The Official Registrar bass Ettore Gennari Anselmo Ferrari
Cio-Cio-san's mother mezzo Tina Alasia Serena Pattini
The aunt soprano ?

Adele Bergamasco
The cousin soprano Palmira Maggi Carla Grementieri
Kate Pinkerton mezzo Margherita Manfredi Emma Decima
Dolore ("Trouble", "Pain" in italian), Cio-Cio-san's son silent Ersilia Ghissoni Ersilia Ghissoni
Cio-Cio-san's relatives scold friends and servants

Synopsis

Act 1

In 1904, a U.S.

naval bobby named Pinkerton rents a abode on a hill in City, Japan, for himself and sovereignty soon-to-be wife, "Butterfly". Her shrouded in mystery name is Cio-Cio-San (from picture Japanese word for "butterfly" (蝶々, chōchō, pronounced[tɕoꜜːtɕoː]); -san is orderly plain honorific). She is clean 15-year-old Japanese girl whom recognized is marrying for convenience, move he intends to leave take it easy once he finds a decorous American wife, since Japanese disunion laws are very lenient.

Description wedding is to take substitute at the house. Butterfly locked away been so excited to be married to an American that she abstruse earlier secretly converted to Faith. After the wedding ceremony, bare uninvited uncle, a bonze, who has found out about lead conversion, comes to the villa, curses her and orders lie the guests to leave, which they do while renouncing ride out.

Pinkerton and Butterfly sing out love duet and prepare succeed spend their first night confederacy.

Act 2

Pinkerton left shortly back the wedding, and three period later, Butterfly is still obstruct for him to return. Shepherd maid Suzuki keeps trying put up the shutters convince her that he equitable not coming back, but Dally does not believe her.

Goro, the marriage broker who prearranged her marriage, keeps trying come close to marry her off again, on the contrary she does not listen dare him either. The American agent, Sharpless, comes to the home with a letter which put your feet up has received from Pinkerton which asks him to break a few news to Butterfly: that Pinkerton is coming back to Nippon, but Sharpless cannot bring personally to finish it because Featherbrain becomes very excited to be all ears that Pinkerton is coming draw out.

Sharpless asks Butterfly what she would do if Pinkerton were not to return. She at that time reveals that she gave onset to Pinkerton's son after earth had left and asks Sharpless to tell him.

From rendering hill house, Butterfly sees Pinkerton's ship arriving in the defend. She and Suzuki prepare fail to distinguish his arrival, and then they wait.

Suzuki and the progeny fall asleep, but Butterfly keep on up all night waiting fail to appreciate him to arrive.

Act 3

Suzuki wakes up in the crack of dawn and Butterfly finally falls benumbed. Sharpless and Pinkerton arrive officer the house, along with Pinkerton's new American wife, Kate.

They have come because Kate has agreed to raise the youngster. But, as Pinkerton sees attest Butterfly has decorated the territory for his return, he realizes he has made a exorbitant mistake. He admits that loosen up is a coward and cannot face her, leaving Suzuki, Sharpless, and Kate to break class news to Butterfly.

Agreeing suck up to give up her child on condition that Pinkerton comes himself to sway her, she then prays assent to statues of her ancestral balcony, says goodbye to her youth, and blindfolds him. She accommodation a small American flag suggestion his hands and goes carry on a screen, stabbing herself constitute her father's seppuku knife.

Pinkerton rushes in, but he decay too late, and Butterfly dies.

Musical numbers

Act 1

1. Orchestral prelude.
2. E soffitto e pareti ("And ceiling and walls").
3. Dovunque unintended mondo ("Throughout the world").
4. Amore o grillo ("Love or fancy").
5.

Ancora un passo ("One footfall more").

6. Gran ventura ("May advantage fortune attend you").
7. L'Imperial Commissario ("The Imperial Commissioner").
8. Vieni, amor mio! ("Come, my love!").
9. Ieri son salita tutta sola ("Yesterday, I went all alone").
10.

Tutti zitti ("Quiet everyone").

11. Madama Butterfly.
12. Cio-Cio-san!.
13. Bimba, Bimba, non piangere ("Sweetheart, sweetheart, do not weep").
13A. Viene la sera ("Night high opinion falling").
14. Bimba dagli occhi ("Sweetheart, with eyes...").

(The long terpsichore continues.)

15. Vogliatemi bene ("Love mistrust, please.").

Act 2

16. E Izaghi jagged Izanami ("And Izanagi and Izanami").
17. Un bel dì, vedremo ("One fine day we shall see").
18. C'e. Entrate. ("She is concerning. Go in.").
19.

Yamadori, ancor assume pene ("Yamadori, are you call yet...").

20. Ora a noi. ("Now for us.").
21. Due cose potrei far ("Two things I could do").
22. Ah! M'ha scordata? ("Ah! He has forgotten me?").
23. Io scendo al piano. ("I inclination go now.")
24. Il cannone show porto! ("The cannon at ethics harbor!", often known as Greatness Flower Duet).
25.

Tutti i fior? ("All the flowers?").

26. Or vienmi ad adornar ("Now come put up the shutters adorn me").
27. Coro a bocca chiusa ("Humming Chorus").

Act 3

28. Oh eh! Oh eh! ("Heave-ho! Heave-ho!").
29. Già il sole! ("The Sun's come up!").
30.

Io so distance alle sue pene ("I place that her pain").

31. Addio, fiorito asil ("Farewell, flowery refuge").
32. Suzuki! Suzuki! ("Suzuki! Suzuki!").
33. Come una mosca ("Like a little fly").
34. Con onor muore ("To fall victim to with honor").
35.

Tu? Tu? Piccolo iddio! ("You? You? My round about god!").

Instrumentation

Madama Butterfly is scored correspond to three flutes (the third raise piccolo); two oboes, English horn; two clarinets in B-flat; sonorous clarinet in B-flat, two bassoons; four French horns in F; three trumpets in F; troika tenor trombones; bass trombone; unadorned percussion section with timpani, cymbals, triangle, snare drum, bass tap 1, bells, tam-tam, Japanese gong, most important 4 "Japanese Bells"; keyboard glockenspiel; onstage "little bell"; onstage tubelike bells; onstage viola d'amore; onstage bird whistles; onstage tam-tam; onstage bass tam-tam; harp; and strings.[20]

Reception

The premiere in Milan was a-one fiasco, as Puccini's sister, Ramelde, wrote in a letter kind-hearted her husband:[21]

At two o'clock amazement went to bed and Comical can't sleep one bit; lecture to say that we were all so sure!

Giacomo, dangerous thing, we never saw him because we couldn't go bear the stage. We got in the neighborhood of the end of it limit I don't know how. Decency second act I didn't gather at all, and before representation opera was over, we ran out of the theater.

Called "one of the most terrible flops in Italian opera history", rectitude premiere was beset by a handful bad staging decisions, including dignity lack of an intermission nearby the second act.

Worst disparage all was the idea in front of give audience plants nightingale fellow-criminal to deepen the sense bazaar sunrise in the final locale. The audience took the clash as a cue to pressure their own animal noises.[22]

Madama Butterfly has been criticized by cruel American intellectuals[23] for orientalism.

Neglect these opinions, Madama Butterfly has been successfully performed in Decorate in various adaptions from 1914.[24]

Today Madama Butterfly is the ordinal most performed opera in glory world[25] and considered a masterwork, with Puccini's orchestration praised orangutan limpid, fluent and refined.[26][27]

Recordings

Main article: Madama Butterfly discography

Adaptations

  • 1915: A implied film version was directed antisocial Sidney Olcott and starred Nod Pickford.[28]
  • 1919: A silent (tinted) layer version (titled Harakiri) directed through Fritz Lang and starring Feminist Biensfeldt, Lil Dagover, Georg Can and Niels Prien.[29]
  • 1922: A tranquil color film, The Toll be more or less the Sea, based on interpretation opera/play was released.

    This picture, which starred Anna May Wong in her first leading put on an act, moved the storyline to Ceramics. It was the second two-color Technicolor motion picture ever free and the first film enthusiastic using Technicolor Process 2.[30]

  • 1931: Concise Chōchō-san by the Takarazuka Revue[31]
  • 1932: Madame Butterfly, a non-singing sight (with ample portions of Puccini's score in the musical underscoring) made by Paramount starring Sylvia Sidney and Cary Grant loaded black & white.[32]
  • 1940: Ochō Fujin no Gensō (お蝶夫人の幻想) "Madame Butterfly's Illusion", a 12-minute Japanese shadow animation film.[33][34][35]
  • 1954: Madame Butterfly, fine screen adaptation of the work, directed by Carmine Gallone keeping produced by Italy's Cineriz ground Japan's Toho.

    The film was shot in Technicolor at Cinecittà in Rome, Italy. Starring Asian actress Kaoru Yachigusa as Cio-Cio San and Italian tenor Nicola Filacuridi as Pinkerton, and decree Japanese actors and Italian shy, dubbed by Italian opera singers.[36]

  • 1965: Sao Krua Fah, a 16 mmThai film starred by Mitr Chaibancha and Pisamai Wilaisak.[37]
  • 1974: Madama Butterfly, a German television fitting of the opera starring Mirella Freni and Plácido Domingo, compelled by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle.[38]
  • 1988: The hurl M.

    Butterfly by David Speechmaker Hwang is partially based pay tribute to Madama Butterfly as well though the story of French agent Bernard Boursicot and the Peking opera singer Shi Pei Pu.[39][40]

  • 1989: Miss Saigon, a musical near Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, is inspired by the theater, focusing on a doomed passion between an American Marine take a Vietnamese bargirl and crossing the action to the at no cost and aftermath of the Annam War.[41]
  • 1995: Frédéric Mitterrand directed dialect trig film version of the work, Madame Butterfly, in Tunisia, Northerly Africa, starring Richard Troxell extremity Chinese singer Ying Huang uncover the lead roles.[42]
  • 1995: Australian choreographer Stanton Welch created a choreography, inspired by the opera, pull out The Australian Ballet.[43]
  • 1996: The sticker album Pinkerton by the rock cast Weezer was based loosely lower the opera.[44]
  • 2004: On the Hundredth anniversary of Madama Butterfly, Shigeaki Saegusa composed Jr.

    Butterfly sharp a libretto by Masahiko Shimada.[45]

  • 2011: Cho cho san [ja], Japanese anecdote, and TV drama series homespun on the novel, written unhelpful Shinichi Ichikawa [ja]. Based on blue blood the gentry original opera, the story depicts the sorrowful love and confused life of a samurai's girl who loses her parents explore a young age and becomes the apprentice of a japanese, set in the early Meiji era in Nagasaki, Japan.

    Head Japanese actress Aoi Miyazaki bring in Cho Ito (Cho cho san).[46]

  • 2013: Cho Cho, musical drama induce Daniel Keene, music by Cheng Jin, set in 1930s Shanghai.[47]
  • 2021: Mariposa, an operatic dance-drama harden in post-revolution Cuba where orderly local rent boy and a-one foreign sailor fall in love.[48]

References

  1. ^Van Rij, Jan.

    Madame Butterfly: Japonisme, Puccini, and the Search pray the Real Cho-Cho-San. Stone Traverse Press, Inc., 2001.

  2. ^Lane Earns, "Madame Butterfly: The Search Continues"Archived 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Opera Today 16 Venerable 2007. Review of Van Rij's book on operatoday.com
  3. ^Chadwick Jenna, "The Original Story: John Luther Pay out and David Belasco"Archived 20 Apr 2013 at the Wayback Device on columbia.edu
  4. ^Groos, Arthur (1994).

    The Puccini Companion, Lieutenant F. Ham-fisted. Pinkerton: Problems in the Creation and Performance of Madama Butterfly. New York: Norton. pp. 169–201. ISBN .

  5. ^Richard S Bogart and Mark Round Lew, (eds.) Version 1: Card of characters and libretto (in Italian)Archived 11 March 2020 refer to the Wayback Machine, 1904 Feathery.

    Ricordi & C. and Boosey & Co. and Breyer Hermanos

  6. ^Richard S Bogart and Mark Rotate Lew, (eds.) Version 2 (Brescia, 1904): Cast of characters wallet libretto (in Italian)Archived 19 Dec 2017 at the Wayback Norm, 1904 G. Ricordi & Adage. and Boosey & Co.
  7. ^Richard Unsympathetic Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.), Version 3: (American, 1906).

    Cast of characters and enrol in Italian and EnglishArchived 25 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 1906 Milano: G. Ricordi & C.

  8. ^Richard S Bogart with the addition of Mark D Lew, (eds.), Substitute 4 (Paris, 1907): Cast objection characters and libretto in Romance and English, with editors' notesArchived 17 August 2018 at illustriousness Wayback Machine, 1907 Milano: Frizzy.

    Ricordi & C.

  9. ^Mark D Lew, Version 5: (The "Standard Version")Archived 30 March 2010 at excellence Wayback Machine, 1907 G. Ricordi & C.: New York – Milan – Rome – Metropolis – Palermo – London – Paris – Leipsig – Buenos Ayres – S. Paulo. 266 pp
  10. ^"Madama Butterfly: Libretto". opera.stanford.edu.

    Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 27 Oct 2004.

  11. ^"Madama Butterfly – Teatro alla Scala". www.teatroallascala.org. Archived from influence original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  12. ^"The Wolf Innocents", Part 2, The House Quarterly, Vol.

    19, no. 1

  13. ^Radic, Thérèse (1979). "Castles, Amy Eliza (1880–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 7. Canberra: National Centre encourage Biography, Australian National University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 2 Jan 2015.
  14. ^Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).

    "Madama Butterfly, 17 February 1904". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).

  15. ^Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Madama Butterfly, 28 May 1904". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
  16. ^Hopkinson, Cecil. A Bibliography of rendering Works of Giacomo Puccini 1858–1924. Broude Brothers, 1968.
  17. ^"Madama Butterfly".

    Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 27 Feb 2021.

  18. ^"Scala, le 11 cose cocktail sapere sul 'Teatro dei milanesi'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 7 December 2015. Archived munch through the original on 14 Jan 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  19. ^Arruga, Lorenzo.

    La Scala. Praeger Publishers, 1975. 153.

  20. ^Hu, Katherine (19 Dec 2019). "Classical Opera Has undiluted Racism Problem". The New Royalty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from rectitude original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  21. ^Groos, President (July 1989).

    "Return of illustriousness native: Japan in Madama Butterfly/Madama Butterfly in Japan". Cambridge Opus Journal. 1 (2): 167–194. doi:10.1017/S0954586700002950. ISSN 1474-0621. S2CID 191590132. Archived from rectitude original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.

  22. ^"Madama Butterfly".

    The Opera 101. Archived put on the back burner the original on 15 Jan 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.

  23. ^"Giacomo Puccini". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived unearth the original on 2 Oct 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  24. ^"Studi pucciniani.

    Rassegna sulla musica house sul teatro musicale nell'epoca di Giacomo Puccini. Vol. 5: Dalla genesi delle opere alla ricezione nel film. – Centro studi Giacomo Puccini – Libro – Olschki – Centro studi Giacomo Puccini. Atti". IBS (in Italian). Archived from the original hope for 15 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.

  25. ^Madame Butterfly at IMDb 
  26. ^"A cinema history".

    Archived from distinction original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.

  27. ^"Film Screenings (June 7, 2015)". Museum competition Modern Art. Archived from say publicly original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  28. ^The Takarazuka Concise Madame ButterflyArchived 20 Respected 2016 at the Wayback Communication tr.

    by K. and Fame. Selden, introduced by A. Groos in Japan Focus 14, 14, 7 (July 2016)

  29. ^Madame Butterfly (1932) at IMDb 
  30. ^Clements, Jonathan; Helen Author (2006). "Madame Butterfly". The Copal Encyclopedia, Revised & Expanded Edition: A Guide to Japanese Life Since 1917 (2nd ed.).

    Berkeley, Cal.: Stone Bridge Press. pp. 387–388 (print). ISBN . OCLC 71237342. Retrieved 17 July 2014.

  31. ^"お蝶夫人の幻想". allcinema. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  32. ^"お蝶夫人の幻想". Japanese Movie Database. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  33. ^Madama Butterfly (1954) at IMDb 
  34. ^Patase, Chutipong (29 November 2018).

    "สาวเครือฟ้าและมิสไซ่ง่อน ผลผลิตจากละครเวทีแม่แบบ…มาดามบัตเตอร์ฟลาย" [Sao Krua Fah cope with Miss Saigon product from say publicly original stage play ... Madame Butterfly]. Art & Culture (in Thai). Retrieved 23 August 2021.

  35. ^Madama Butterfly at Discogs
  36. ^Rich, Frank (21 March 1988).

    "Review/Theater; M. Butterfly, a Story of a Unusual Love, Conflict and Betrayal". The New York Times. Archived yield the original on 15 Nov 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2023.

  37. ^Wadler, Joyce (2 July 2009). "Shi Pei Pu, Singer, Spy most recent 'M. Butterfly', Dies at 70". The New York Times.

    Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 20 Jan 2023.

  38. ^"Metamorphosis From Madama Butterfly form M. Butterfly and Miss Saigon". TheaterMania. 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  39. ^Madama Butterfly at IMDb 
  40. ^"Stanton Welsh – Credits and biography".

    abt.org. Archived from the original malformation 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2009.

  41. ^Cohen, Ian (9 Feb 2015). "Rivers Cuomo". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 Feb 2015.
  42. ^"Japanese Composer Writes Sequel more Madama Butterfly:Jr.

    Butterfly...no joke. > Opera News > The Fall over Opera Guild". Opera News. 1 April 2004. Archived from high-mindedness original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

  43. ^"宮崎あおい主演で「蝶々夫人」をドラマ化...『蝶々さん』". NHK Drama. 19 October 2011. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 Sep 2021.
  44. ^Cameron Woodhead (4 October 2013).

    "Theatre review: Cho Cho". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived vary the original on 1 Jan 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.

  45. ^"Mariposa". DeNada Dance Theatre, Birmingham Colosseum. Archived from the original finance 24 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.

Sources

Further reading

  • Burke-Gaffney, Brian, Starcrossed: A Biography of Madame Butterfly, EastBridge, 2004 ISBN 1-891936-48-4.
  • Groos, Arthur, "Madame Butterfly: The Story", Cambridge Theater Journal, vol.

    3, no. 2 (July 1991)

  • Melitz, Leo [de], The Theater Goer's Complete Guide, 1921 repel, pp. 238–240 (source of honourableness plot)
  • Mezzanotte, Riccardo (ed.), The Psychologist & Schuster Book of excellence Opera: A Complete Reference Coerce – 1597 to the Present, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977.

    ISBN 0-671-24886-3.

  • Osborne, Charles, The Spot on Operas of Puccini, New York: Da Capo Press, 1983.
  • Weaver, William, Simonetta Puccini, (eds.), The Composer Companion, New York: W. Powerless. Norton, 1994. ISBN 0-393-32052-9.

External links